Punggawa Law Review is a peer-reviewed academic journal dedicated to advancing legal scholarship through critical, analytical, and interdisciplinary perspectives. The journal provides a scholarly platform for researchers, academics, legal practitioners, and policymakers to engage with contemporary legal issues at national, comparative, and international levels. Punggawa Law Review welcomes contributions across a broad range of legal fields, including public and private law, criminal law and criminal justice, constitutional and administrative law, international and human rights law, business and economic law, environmental law, health law, and legal philosophy. The journal particularly encourages interdisciplinary and comparative research that explores the interaction between law and society. Published quarterly (January, April, July, and October), Punggawa Law Review is committed to maintaining high editorial standards, a transparent peer review process, and open access principles to ensure the wide dissemination of scholarly knowledge.
Implementasi First To File Dalam Sistem Hukum Pendaftaran Merek Di Indonesia Era Disrupsi Digital Berdasarkan Teori Hukum Responsif
Prinsip first to file dijadikan dasar pemberian hak eksklusif atas merek di Indonesia sehingga perlindungan diberikan kepada pihak yang lebih dahulu melakukan pendaftaran. Seiring berkembangnya ekonomi digital berbagai persoalan seperti trademark squatting dan pendaftaran merek beritikad tidak baik semakin banyak ditemukan sehingga keadilan substantif belum sepenuhnya dapat diwujudkan. Melalui penelitian ini penerapan prinsip first to file dianalisis serta relevansi Teori Hukum Responsif Nonet dan Selznick dikaji sebagai dasar rekonstruksi penerapannya pada era disrupsi digital. Metode yuridis normatif digunakan dengan pendekatan perundang undangan konseptual dan studi kasus sengketa merek Arc'teryx . Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa prinsip first to file masih dipertahankan sebagai instrumen kepastian hukum namun penguatan pemeriksaan itikad baik pengakuan terhadap hak pemakai pertama dan merek terkenal percepatan pembatalan pendaftaran beritikad tidak baik serta penafsiran yang lebih responsif masih perlu dilakukan.
First to file; Hukum responsif; Disruspsi digital.
Copyright (c) 2026 Clara Cleoney Lyareekha, Rizqi Agung Pramono, Supriadi J Polumulo (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Harmonisasi Hukum Islam dan Kebijakan Kesehatan Nasional: Analisis Maqashid Syariah terhadap Regulasi Skrining Pranikah
Interaksi antara hukum Islam dan kebijakan kesehatan publik di Indonesia kerap memunculkan dinamika pada ranah implementasi, salah satunya terkait kebijakan skrining pranikah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis harmonisasi antara hukum Islam dan kebijakan kesehatan nasional melalui pendekatan Maqashid Syariah terhadap regulasi skrining pranikah. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah yuridis-normatif dengan pendekatan kualitatif, mengevaluasi bahan hukum primer seperti regulasi kesehatan nasional dan literatur hukum Islam klasik maupun kontemporer. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa regulasi skrining pranikah tidak bertentangan dengan syariat, melainkan selaras dengan prinsip dasar Maqashid Syariah, khususnya aspek Hifzh an-Nasl (perlindungan keturunan) dan Hifzh an-Nafs (perlindungan jiwa). Skrining medis berfungsi sebagai langkah preventif (sadd adz-dzariah) untuk meminimalkan risiko penularan penyakit menular serta kelainan genetik pada calon pasangan dan keturunannya. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa penguatan status skrining pranikah dari sekadar imbauan menjadi persyaratan administratif yang terintegrasi menjadi sangat penting untuk membangun ketahanan keluarga secara holistik. Harmonisasi ini mempertegas bahwa hukum Islam dan regulasi kesehatan nasional dapat saling melengkapi demi mewujudkan kemaslahatan umat (maslahah ammah) dan kesejahteraan masyarakat secara berkelanjutan.
Harmonisasi Hukum; Hukum Islam; Kebijakan Kesehatan; Maqashid Syariah; Skrining Pranikah.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ahmad Zaki Muntafi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Effectiveness Of Government Supervision In Controlling Alcoholic Beverages Based On Merauke Regency Regional Regulation Number 8 Of 2014
The control of alcoholic beverages constitutes one of the efforts undertaken by local governments to maintain public order and protect society from the adverse impacts arising from the circulation of alcoholic beverages. Although Merauke Regency has enacted Regional Regulation Number 8 of 2014 as the legal basis for regulating and controlling alcoholic beverages, the implementation of its supervisory mechanisms continues to encounter various challenges. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of government supervision in controlling alcoholic beverages under Merauke Regency Regional Regulation Number 8 of 2014 and to identify the factors influencing its effectiveness. This research employs an empirical legal research method using a socio-legal approach. Data were obtained through literature reviews and documentary studies and were subsequently analyzed qualitatively using descriptive-analytical techniques. The findings indicate that government supervision has not been implemented effectively due to limited institutional capacity, suboptimal inter-agency coordination, low levels of public legal awareness, and inconsistent enforcement of sanctions.The novelty of this research lies in the development of a collaborative supervision model that integrates inter-institutional synergy, community participation, and strengthened legal education as strategic measures to improve the effectiveness of the implementation of Merauke Regency Regional Regulation Number 8 of 2014.
Effectiveness of supervision; Alcoholic beverages; Local government; Collaborative supervision; Merauke Regency.
Copyright (c) 2026 Riez Kifli Kolewora, Rendie Meita Sarie Putri (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Keabsahan Label Halal pada Produk Minuman Berbahan Baku Karmin: Kajian Hukum Positif dan Fatwa Lembaga Bahtsul Masai'l Nahdlatul Ulama' Jawa Timur
Maraknya penggunaan karmin sebagai pewarna alami pada minuman berlabel halal memunculkan perdebatan mengenai kesesuaiannya dengan hukum positif dan fatwa keagamaan. Riset ini berupaya mengkaji: (1) legalitas pencantuman label halal pada minuman yang menggunakan karmin mengacu pada UU No. 33 Tahun 2014 tentang Jaminan Produk Halal; dan (2) konsekuensi hukum dari Keputusan LBM NU 2023 Jawa Timur dalam konteks perlindungan konsumen Muslim. Pendekatan penelitian yang dipakai adalah yuridis normatif, dengan fokus pada aspek hukum dan konseptual. Bahan hukum utama yang dianalisis terdiri dari UU No. 33 Tahun 2014, PP No. 39 Tahun 2021, UU No. 8 Tahun 1999 tentang Perlindungan Konsumen, serta Keputusan LBM NU 2023 Jawa Timur. Temuan penelitian mengungkap bahwa: pertama, terdapat ketidakselarasan antara label halal yang diterbitkan secara administrasi dengan status kehalalan karmin menurut fatwa LBM NU Jawa Timur, yang berisiko melanggar hak konsumen Muslim atas informasi yang tepat; kedua, fatwa LBM NU Jawa Timur yang melarang karmin karena berasal dari serangga cochineal yang tidak mengalami perubahan total (istihalah tammah) menuntut produsen untuk lebih terbuka dalam penyebutan bahan baku. Studi ini merekomendasikan pengetatan pengawasan sertifikasi halal serta peningkatan literasi konsumen terkait bahan tambahan pangan yang berasal dari serangga.
Fatwa; Jaminan produk halal; Karmin; Label halal; Perlindungan konsumen.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sa’niatul Mahbuba (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Pertanggungjawaban Hukum Pelaku Usaha atas Penggunaan AI Chatbot dalam Transaksi E-Commerce: Analisis Perlindungan Konsumen terhadap Kesalahan Informasi
Pemanfaatan Artificial Intelligence dalam bentuk chatbot pada platform e-commerce telah meningkatkan efisiensi pelayanan informasi kepada konsumen, tetapi juga menimbulkan risiko kerugian apabila informasi yang diberikan tidak akurat atau menyesatkan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pertanggungjawaban hukum pelaku usaha atas kerugian konsumen yang timbul akibat kesalahan informasi chatbot berbasis Artificial Intelligence serta mengkaji bentuk perlindungan hukum yang tersedia dalam sistem hukum Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian hukum normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan pendekatan konseptual melalui analisis terhadap peraturan perundang-undangan, doktrin, dan bahan hukum yang relevan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pelaku usaha tetap bertanggung jawab atas kerugian konsumen karena chatbot merupakan bagian dari sistem layanan yang disediakan dalam kegiatan usahanya. Perlindungan hukum terhadap konsumen dapat didasarkan pada ketentuan hukum perlindungan konsumen, hukum perdata, dan hukum transaksi elektronik. Belum adanya pengaturan khusus mengenai pertanggungjawaban atas kesalahan chatbot berbasis Artificial Intelligence menyebabkan kekosongan norma sehingga diperlukan regulasi yang mampu menjamin kepastian hukum, akuntabilitas, dan perlindungan konsumen dalam transaksi elektronik.
AI chatbot; E-commerce; Perlindungan konsumen; Pertanggungjawaban hukum.
Copyright (c) 2026 Clara Cleoney Lyareekha (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Pancasila as a Legal Ideal: Reconstructing Indonesian Legal Philosophy
This article examined Pancasila through legal philosophy and reconstructed its function as the legal ideal of Indonesia. The study employed normative legal research using philosophical, conceptual, statutory, and case approaches. It found that Pancasila should not be reduced either to a formal source placed mechanically above positive law or to a political slogan invoked without argumentative control. Pancasila operates as an integrated normative horizon that grounds, interprets, criticises, and transforms law. To operationalise this position, the article proposed a Layered Pancasila Philosophical Test consisting of a legality and constitutional frame, five substantive dimensions derived from the principles of Pancasila, and safeguards of coherence, proportionality, public reason, and contestability. The model requires law-makers and judges to demonstrate how a legal measure respects religious freedom, human dignity, plural national unity, deliberative democracy, and social justice as an indivisible unity. This reconstruction preserves Pancasila as an open legal ideal while preventing its authoritarian, selective, or merely symbolic use.
Pancasila; legal philosophy; legal ideal; legal reasoning; social justice; constitutionalism
Copyright (c) 2026 Ahmad Mubarak, Euis Madiihatul Khuluqiyah (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Tindak Pidana Aborsi Dalam Hukum Pidana Indonesia
Kehidupan merupakan anugerah dari Tuhan Yang Maha Esa dan setiap manusia memiliki hak hidup, bahkan sejak masih dalam kandungan, sehingga hak tersebut tidak dapat dirampas oleh siapa pun, termasuk orang tuanya sendiri. Dalam praktik pengguguran kandungan yang disebut abortus, orang tua janin kerap merasa berhak mengakhiri kehamilannya dengan berbagai alasan, padahal dari perspektif hukum aborsi dikategorikan sebagai tindak pidana terhadap nyawa. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode yuridis normatif untuk mengkaji pengaturan tindak pidana aborsi berdasarkan Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana (KUHP) dan Undang-Undang Nomor 36 Tahun 2009 tentang Kesehatan. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa Pasal 346 sampai Pasal 349 KUHP menegaskan larangan aborsi tanpa pengecualian, sehingga pelaku maupun pihak yang membantu prosesnya dapat dikenai sanksi pidana. Di sisi lain, Pasal 75 UU Kesehatan pada dasarnya juga melarang aborsi, namun ayat (2) memberikan pengecualian bagi kedaruratan medis dan kehamilan akibat perkosaan. Pertentangan norma antara kedua peraturan tersebut diselesaikan melalui asas lex specialis derogat legi generali, sehingga ketentuan UU Kesehatan berlaku sebagai aturan khusus yang mengesampingkan KUHP sebagai aturan umum bagi tindakan abortus provocatus medicalis.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ilmannafia Azhar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Pertanggungjawaban Tindak Pidana Korupsi Kredit Fiktif BNI Terhadap Terdakwa Ditinjau Dari Perspektif Hukum Pidana Dan Hukum Perbankan
This study examines criminal liability in the corruption case involving fictitious credit at Bank Negara Indonesia (BNI), with a particular focus on the legal accountability imposed on the defendant as reflected in Supreme Court Decision Number 1590 K/Pid.Sus/2015. The case illustrates how irregularities in the banking sector, particularly fictitious lending practices, can result in significant financial losses and undermine public trust in financial institutions. The objective of this research is to analyze the form of criminal liability imposed on the defendant, the legal considerations employed by the judges in reaching their decision, and the application of Indonesian criminal law and anti-corruption legislation in resolving the case. This research adopts a normative juridical approach using statutory, conceptual, and case approaches. The primary legal materials consist of the Supreme Court Decision Number 1590 K/Pid.Sus/2015, Law Number 31 of 1999 concerning the Eradication of Corruption Crimes as amended by Law Number 20 of 2001, Law Number 7 of 1992 concerning Banking as amended by Law Number 10 of 1998, and Law Number 1 of 2023 concerning the Indonesian Criminal Code. Secondary legal materials include legal textbooks, scientific journals, and other relevant scholarly publications. Data were collected through library research and analyzed qualitatively using descriptive-analytical methods. The findings indicate that the defendant's criminal liability was established based on the fulfillment of the legal elements of corruption, supported by sufficient evidence demonstrating intentional unlawful conduct, abuse of authority, and financial losses suffered by the state. The court's legal reasoning emphasized the existence of unlawful acts, the defendant's active participation, and the causal relationship between the defendant's conduct and the resulting state financial losses. This study contributes to the development of criminal law, particularly in understanding the application of criminal liability principles in banking corruption cases involving fictitious credit schemes. Furthermore, the findings provide practical insights for law enforcement agencies, banking institutions, and policymakers in strengthening legal enforcement and preventing similar offenses within Indonesia's banking sector.
Banking crime; Corruption crime; Criminal responsibility.
Copyright (c) 2026 Lestari Victoria Sinaga (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Causative-Based Integral Policy As A Response To Criminogenic Factors In The Distribution Of Subsidized Fuel
This study examines how non-adaptive oil and gas regulations function as criminogenic factors in the distribution of subsidized fuel and formulates an integral policy recommendation to address the misuse of subsidized fuel. This research uses a normative juridical approach with doctrinal legal research. Legal materials were collected through library research and analyzed qualitatively within a normative framework. The findings show that the misuse of subsidized fuel is not solely caused by individual wrongdoing, but is also triggered by the mismatch between regulation, socio-economic conditions, and public access to energy. This disharmony creates criminogenic conditions that encourage various forms of distributional deviation. Effective countermeasures require a combination of penal, non-penal, and social policy approaches.
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Abdul Azis, Siti Fadila Nuramelia, Muhammad Thufail Ariiq, Alya Synthia Kurniawati, Riski Ananda Kusuma Putri, Misshouw Meilany Putri, Dafirly Salsadilla Dosanto (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Assessment P2TP2A sebagai Mekanisme Advokasi dan Perlindungan Hukum Preventif terhadap Anak dalam Perkara Dispensasi Kawin di Pengadilan Agama Mojokerto
Perkawinan anak masih menjadi persoalan hukum dan sosial di Indonesia yang berdampak terhadap pemenuhan hak anak, terutama hak atas pendidikan, kesehatan, perkembangan psikologis, dan kesejahteraan sosial. Setelah berlakunya Undang-Undang Nomor 16 Tahun 2019 serta Peraturan Mahkamah Agung Nomor 5 Tahun 2019, pemeriksaan perkara dispensasi kawin tidak lagi hanya menitikberatkan pada aspek formal pemberian izin perkawinan, tetapi juga mengedepankan prinsip kepentingan terbaik bagi anak (best interests of the child). Dalam konteks tersebut, keberadaan assessment yang dilakukan oleh Pusat Pelayanan Terpadu Pemberdayaan Perempuan dan Anak (P2TP2A) menjadi salah satu mekanisme penting untuk menilai kesiapan anak dari aspek psikologis, emosional, sosial, kesehatan reproduksi, dan kondisi keluarga sebelum hakim menjatuhkan penetapan. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode socio-legal dengan pendekatan normatif dan empiris melalui wawancara, observasi, serta studi dokumen untuk menganalisis peran assessment P2TP2A dalam perkara dispensasi kawin di Pengadilan Agama Mojokerto. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa assessment P2TP2A tidak memiliki kekuatan mengikat terhadap hakim, tetapi memiliki nilai strategis sebagai sumber informasi profesional yang memperkaya pertimbangan yudisial. Lebih lanjut, fungsi assessment mengalami transformasi dari sekadar instrumen administratif menjadi mekanisme advokasi preventif melalui proses konseling, edukasi, pendampingan, serta identifikasi risiko yang dapat memengaruhi kehidupan anak setelah perkawinan. Dengan demikian, keberadaan assessment mencerminkan perubahan paradigma pemeriksaan dispensasi kawin menuju sistem peradilan yang berpusat pada anak (child-centered justice) dan memperkuat perlindungan hukum terhadap kepentingan terbaik bagi anak.
Copyright (c) 2026 Safiatus Zahro (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Artificial Intelligence as a New Challenge for Law and Legal Professional Ethics in Indonesia
The development of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has brought about significant changes in the practice of the legal profession through its application in legal research, document analysis, contract drafting, and legal consulting services. While offering benefits such as increased efficiency and effectiveness, the use of AI also raises various legal issues due to the absence of specific regulations governing its application within the Indonesian legal profession. This study aims to analyze the legal framework regarding the use of AI in the Indonesian legal profession and to examine the associated legal challenges. It employs a normative legal research method utilizing statutory, conceptual, and comparative approaches. Data collection was conducted through a literature review, examining relevant academic literature, scholarly journals, policy documents, and other scholarly sources. The analysis was performed using a descriptive-analytical method involving the inventory, reduction, categorization, and interpretation of research materials. The findings indicate that Indonesia lacks comprehensive regulations governing AI; consequently, AI is currently treated as a legal object, with its operations remaining under human responsibility. Furthermore, the use of AI presents various legal challenges, including regulatory gaps, unclear legal liability, risks of privacy violations, algorithmic bias, and a lack of system transparency. Therefore, specific, adaptive regulations are required to ensure legal certainty, the protection of public rights, and the professionalism of the legal practice in the digital era.
Artificial Intelligence; Legal Profession; Legal Regulation; Legal Challenges; Legal Certainty.
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Fadhil Fahrezi, Nurul Fatimah, Andi Aryani R Chairiani, Ahsandy Rizky Fadhlansyah, Amiril Hamsi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analysis of Notary Professional Ethics in the Implementation of Cyber Notary as a Public Official in the Digital Era
The development of information technology has driven the transformation of legal services into the digital sphere, including notarial practice through the concept of cyber notary. This study aims to analyze the validity of electronic deeds legalized by notaries through cyber notary under the Law on Notary Position and the Law on Electronic Information and Transactions, as well as the liability of notaries for potential ethical violations arising from the falsification of electronic signatures in the making of authentic deeds. This research employs a normative legal research method using statutory and conceptual approaches. Legal materials were collected through library research and analyzed qualitatively. The results show that the validity of electronic deeds through cyber notary has not yet been clearly and comprehensively regulated in the Indonesian legal system. Although the Law on Electronic Information and Transactions recognizes electronic documents and electronic signatures as valid legal evidence, the Law on Notary Position still requires the physical presence of the parties, the reading of the deed, and direct signing as essential elements of an authentic deed. Notarial liability in cyber notary includes civil, criminal, and professional ethical liability, particularly when a notary fails to properly verify the identity of the parties and the authenticity of their electronic signatures.
Notary professional ethics; cyber notary; electronic deed; electronic signature.
Copyright (c) 2026 Andi Husnul Fahimah, Khusnul Khasanah, Muhammad Dwiki Reza, Mapanji Araghani Adi Pranata, Yarpan Hakim (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Efektivitas Undang-Undang Perlindungan Konsumen dalam Menghadapi Tantangan Praktik Bisnis di Era Digital
Perkembangan dalam bidang e-commerce dan metode interaksi langsung seperti belanja langsung telah mengurangi efektivitas regulasi perlindungan konsumen di Indonesia. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengkaji efektivitas Undang-Undang Perlindungan Konsumen dalam menghadapi tantangan yang muncul dari praktik bisnis di era digital serta mengidentifikasi solusi untuk menciptakan kepastian hukum bagi masyarakat yang berperan sebagai konsumen digital. Metodologi yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah yuridis normatif, dengan pendekatan terhadap undang-undang dan konsep yang relevan. Temuan penelitian mengindikasikan adanya celah hukum yang signifikan dalam UUPK No. 8/1999, termasuk batasan definisi pelaku usaha yang belum mencakup transaksi global, minimnya pengaturan tentang tanggung jawab berantai pihak ketiga, masalah asimetri informasi yang tajam, dan tingginya praktik manipulasi klausula baku elektronik yang sepihak. Untuk menjawab permasalahan tersebut, reformasi regulasi diperlukan melalui amandemen UUPK yang melibatkan substansi PP No. 80/2019 tentang PMSE, penerapan pengawasan siber yang adaptif yang terintegrasi dengan UU No. 27/2022 tentang Perlindungan Data Pribadi, serta pengembangan sistem Resolusi Sengketa Daring yang terintegrasi pada platform digital untuk memulihkan hak-hak konsumen dengan cepat, secara daring, dan memiliki kekuatan hukum.
Kepastian Hukum, Konsumen Digital, Perdagangan Elektronik
Copyright (c) 2026 Shella Mega Cantika, Nirmala Oktavia Ramadhani, Dominika Agusta Funan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analisis Yuridis Terhadap Perlindungan Hukum Bagi Pihak Ketiga Dalam Transaksi Perusahaan Berbadan Hukum Berlandaskan Nilai Keadilan Sosial Dalam Pancasila
Perlindungan hukum bagi pihak ketiga dalam transaksi korporasi merupakan suatu persoalan yang terus berkembang seiring dengan dinamika praktik bisnis di Indonesia. Pihak ketiga yang mencakup kreditur, mitra kontraktual, maupun komunitas yang terdampak kerap berada pada posisi rentan ketika perusahaan berbadan hukum melakukan tindakan korporasi yang merugikan kepentingan mereka. Artikel ini mengkaji secara yuridis-normatif sejauh mana sistem hukum Indonesia mampu menjamin perlindungan yang memadai bagi pihak ketiga dalam transaksi perusahaan, sekaligus menelaah apakah instrumen perlindungan yang ada telah mencerminkan nilai keadilan sosial yang termaktub dalam sila kelima Pancasila. Menggunakan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan konseptual, penelitian ini menemukan bahwa regulasi yang berlaku khususnya Undang-Undang Nomor 40 Tahun 2007 tentang Perseroan Terbatas masih mengandung sejumlah celah normatif yang dapat dieksploitasi perusahaan untuk menghindari tanggung jawab kepada pihak ketiga. Ketimpangan posisi tawar antara korporasi dan pihak ketiga belum mendapat respons regulatif yang proporsional. Penelitian ini merekomendasikan reformasi regulasi yang berpijak pada prinsip keadilan distributif dan akuntabilitas korporasi, dengan menempatkan sila kelima Pancasila sebagai batu uji (toetsteen) dalam setiap perumusan dan penafsiran norma hukum bisnis.
perlindungan hukum, pihak ketiga, perseroan terbatas, keadilan sosial, Pancasila
Copyright (c) 2026 Nani Wijaya (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Kajian Perlindungan Hukum bagi Driver Ojek Online terhadap Praktik Order Fiktif pada Platform Digital
Perkembangan teknologi digital mendorong lahirnya layanan transportasi online yang memberikan kemudahan bagi masyarakat. Namun, perkembangan tersebut juga menimbulkan permasalahan berupa praktik order fiktif yang merugikan driver ojek online, baik secara materiil maupun immateriil. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis perlindungan hukum terhadap driver ojek online serta tanggung jawab perusahaan platform digital berdasarkan hukum positif di Indonesia. Penelitian menggunakan metode yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan pendekatan konseptual. Bahan hukum diperoleh melalui studi kepustakaan yang terdiri atas bahan hukum primer dan bahan hukum sekunder. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perlindungan hukum terhadap driver dapat ditemukan dalam Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Perdata melalui konsep perbuatan melawan hukum serta dalam Undang-Undang Informasi dan Transaksi Elektronik yang mengatur penyalahgunaan sistem elektronik. Namun, perlindungan hukum tersebut belum optimal karena lemahnya posisi driver dalam hubungan kemitraan dan belum adanya pengaturan khusus mengenai praktik order fiktif. Dengan demikian diperlukan penguatan regulasi dan peningkatan tanggung jawab platform digital guna memberikan kepastian hukum bagi driver ojek online.
Perlindungan Hukum; Driver Ojek Online; Order Fiktif; Transaksi Elektronik.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nur Aprilia Wulandari, Fikri Fadillah, Victorinha L.S. Babo (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Perlindungan Hak Atas Kekayaan Intelektual Terhadap Pemalsuan Merek Dagang di Platform E-Commerce
Advances in information technology have driven the transformation of trade activities into online marketplace platforms. On the other hand, this situation has also increased the potential for brand counterfeiting practices, which can lead to trademark infringement. This study aims to analyze the forms of legal protection for trademark rights and examine efforts to combat brand counterfeiting practices in e-commerce. The research method used is descriptive with a normative-juridical approach, through an analysis of relevant laws and regulations and other secondary legal materials. The results indicate that while normatively, trademark protection has been comprehensively regulated, its implementation still faces various obstacles, including limited oversight and low legal awareness among business actors. Therefore, trademark registration is necessary as a basis for legal protection against counterfeiting, as well as law enforcement and filing lawsuits for trademark infringement.
trademark rights; brand counterfeiting; trademark infringement; legal protection; e-commerce.
Copyright (c) 2026 Cantika Putri Mawardi, Bernajihatun Mumtahina, Rizqya Shalshabilakanza, M Deny Daruri Al Jernihi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Paradigm Shift Of Legal Aid In The Criminal Justice System: A Critical Analysis Of Law Number 20 Of 2025 And Its Implications For Corruption Offenses
This study examines the paradigm shift regarding the fulfillment of the right to legal aid within the Indonesian criminal justice system. It compares the previous regulatory framework with the newly enacted laws. This research employs a normative legal method utilizing statutory and conceptual approaches. The findings reveal that the legal politics of Law Number 8 of 1981 concerning the Criminal Procedure Code contained structural weaknesses, primarily the absence of annulment sanctions when investigators obstructed legal aid access. Consequently, Law Number 16 of 2011 on Legal Aid could not operate optimally during the investigation phase. The enactment of Law Number 20 of 2025 introduces a progressive reform by implementing the exclusionary rule, mandatory audiovisual recording of interrogations, and active supervision by the Preliminary Examining Judge. In practice, particularly within corruption cases, securing legal aid during early investigations proves vital to protecting lower-ranking officials from the arbitrary transfer of criminal liability by their superiors. Fulfilling this right guarantees an objective sentencing process, which ultimately supports the success of convict rehabilitation programs.
Copyright (c) 2026 Naila Meuthia Azza (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analisis Yuridis Penerapan Prinsip Maqashid Syariah dalam Kebijakan Pembiayaan UMKM pada Perbankan Syariah di Indonesia
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis konsep prinsip maqashid syariah dalam perspektif hukum ekonomi syariah serta penerapannya dalam kebijakan pembiayaan UMKM pada perbankan syariah di Indonesia. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah kualitatif dengan pendekatan yuridis-normatif, dilengkapi studi literatur dari buku, jurnal, dan dokumen resmi terkait hukum ekonomi syariah dan praktik pembiayaan UMKM. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa maqashid syariah berfungsi sebagai kerangka normatif dan filosofis yang menekankan kemaslahatan masyarakat melalui perlindungan terhadap harta, jiwa, akal, keturunan, dan agama. Prinsip ini diterapkan melalui pembiayaan yang inklusif dan berkeadilan, dengan integrasi pendidikan keuangan dan pendampingan usaha bagi pelaku UMKM. Temuan penelitian ini menegaskan bahwa penerapan maqashid syariah tidak hanya memastikan kepatuhan syariah dalam transaksi, tetapi juga memperkuat peran bank syariah sebagai agen pemberdayaan ekonomi dan pembangunan sosial yang berkelanjutan. Implikasi penelitian mencakup kontribusi teoritis dalam pengembangan hukum ekonomi syariah modern dan arahan praktis bagi perbankan syariah dalam merancang kebijakan pembiayaan UMKM yang lebih adil, inklusif, dan berkelanjutan.
Maqashid Syariah, Hukum Ekonomi Syariah, UMKM, Perbankan Syariah, Kebijakan Pembiayaan, Kemaslahatan Ekonomi.
Copyright (c) 2026 Syhlina Rizka Febrianty Febrianty, Nailah Hana Sausan, Aditya Amzar Thapsuandji, Baidhowi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analisis Hadits Terkait Larangan Minum Berdiri Bagi Kesehatan dalam Perspektif Hukum Islam
This study examines the hadith prohibiting drinking while standing, focusing on analysis of the texts (matan), hadith jurisprudence (fiqhul hadith), and their relevance to health. Hadith prohibiting drinking while standing are found in several hadith books, such as Sunan Ibn Majah, Sahih Bukhari, and Sahih Muslim. This study used a qualitative method with a literature review approach through analysis of the hadith and the opinions of scholars. The results indicate that the prohibition on drinking while standing is not understood as an absolute prohibition, but rather as a recommendation for etiquette to drink in a more virtuous sitting position. This is based on other narrations that describe the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) drinking while standing under certain circumstances. From a fiqhul hadith perspective, scholars explain that drinking while sitting reflects calmness, politeness, and caution. Meanwhile, from a health perspective, drinking while sitting is considered better for the digestive system and helps the body function more optimally than drinking while standing continuously. This article further places the issue within Islamic legal reasoning by examining the legal status of the prohibition through usul al-fiqh, taklifi legal classification, jam’u wa al-taufiq, maslahah, and maqasid al-shari’ah. The legal analysis confirms that health considerations should not be treated as the sole legal ratio (illah) of the ruling, but as hikmah and supporting consideration that strengthens the ethical and preventive character of Islamic law. Thus, the hadith prohibiting drinking while standing contains educational, ethical, legal, and health values that remain relevant in modern life.
Fiqhul Hadith, Drinking Standing, Islamic Law, Maqasid al-Sharia, Legal Reasoning.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nurul Islamiah, Nasrulloh (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Hanging Marriage Tradition in West Java from the Perspective of Law Number 16 of 2019 concerning Marriage
This study aims to analyze the tradition of hanging marriages, which is still practiced by some communities in West Java, from the perspective of Law Number 16 of 2019 concerning Marriage. Hanging marriages are marriage practices carried out through matchmaking and the binding of marital relations from childhood, while full household life is postponed until both partners are considered adults. This study uses a qualitative method with a library research approach. Data were obtained from various scientific literature, journals, books, laws and regulations, and previous research results, which were analyzed using a descriptive-analytical approach. The results show that the tradition of hanging marriages is maintained because it is considered able to maintain family honor, prevent promiscuity, adultery, and pregnancy outside of marriage. However, this practice also has various negative impacts, such as increased school dropout rates, the risk of poverty, divorce, domestic violence, and reproductive health problems due to early marriage. From the perspective of Law Number 16 of 2019, the minimum age of marriage for men and women is 19 years to ensure the physical, mental, and social maturity of the prospective bride and groom. Therefore, the practice of hanging marriages involving minors is inconsistent with child protection goals and the principles of national marriage law. Customary traditions can be maintained as long as they do not conflict with laws and children's rights
Copyright (c) 2026 Rahmat Aripin, Aldo Aultar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Preventing Murder Without Expanding Punishment: Rethinking Homicide Policy Beyond Deterrence
This article examines how murder can be prevented without making penal expansion the dominant reflex of criminal policy. The analysis starts from a basic tension in homicide law. Criminal punishment is necessary to condemn intentional unlawful killing, although punishment usually becomes most forceful only after prevention has failed. Using comparative criminal policy analysis, the article compares Japan, Germany, Scotland and England, and the United States to identify how states interrupt lethal violence before murder is completed. The analysis shows that deterrence based on sentence severity has limited preventive value when homicide emerges through coercive control, immediate retaliation, or easy access to lethal means. Japan illustrates the preventive force of strict weapon regulation. Germany highlights the need for legally disciplined early intervention. Scotland and England show how public health and multi-agency strategies can reach serious violence before trial becomes relevant. The United States exposes the weakness of severe punishment where firearm availability remains high and legal trust is uneven. The article advances the concept of homicide prevention architecture, a layered model that links risk intelligence, lethal-means restriction, victim-centred protection, community violence intervention, and accountable criminal law while preserving legality, proportionality, and culpability. This approach simultaneously resists punitive reflex and preventive overreach.
Comparative criminal policy; Deterrence; Homicide prevention; Penal expansion; Violence prevention.
Copyright (c) 2026 Zul Khaidir Kadir (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Beyond Capital Relocation: Comparative Constitutional Study from Kazakhstan for the Future of Indonesia’s Nusantara
The relocation of Indonesia’s capital city to Nusantara (IKN) represents the culmination of a long-standing discourse on capital relocation dating back to the era of President Sukarno. Although intended to address Jakarta’s structural challenges and promote equitable national development, the implementation of IKN continues to face various constitutional and governance issues, including legal uncertainty, limited public participation, questions regarding the legitimacy of the Nusantara Capital Authority, agrarian conflicts, and the absence of local democratic representation. This study aims to analyze the constitutional problems surrounding the relocation of Indonesia’s capital city and to compare them with the successful relocation of Kazakhstan’s capital from Almaty to Astana. The research employs a normative juridical method using statutory and comparative approaches. The findings reveal that Kazakhstan’s success was supported by strong legal certainty, policy consistency, sustainable development planning, protection of citizens’ rights, and the preservation of representative local institutions within the capital’s governance structure. In contrast, Indonesia continues to encounter normative and institutional obstacles that may hinder the effectiveness of the relocation process. This study concludes that strengthening legal certainty, ensuring meaningful public participation, protecting community rights, and enhancing democratic representation are essential mechanisms for achieving an effective, efficient, and sustainable capital relocation.
Nusantara Capital City; Kazakhstan Capital City; Astana; Constitutional law; Comparative law
Copyright (c) 2026 Alendra Nauval Mufti Rayhan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Islamic Politics As An Ethical And Moral System In Modern Government
Islamic politics since its conception has by no means been perceived as a power game, yet as a moral tool of achievement of social good (maslahah 'ammah). Islamic politics turned into an ethical system, which links transcendental values and social agreement throughout history. This paper will attempt to unveil the ethical and moral aspects of the Islamic politics through the historical background of the religion, its normative basis, and importance to present day governance, which suffers a crisis of integrity and ethical direction. Classical thinking (Al-Farabi, Al-Mawardi, and Ibn Khaldun) and the practices of the Islamic state, since the Medina Charter to the modern dynamics of Muslim-majority countries, are reread critically-analytically. The discussion indicates that Islamic politics is not just a value system but includes theological ideals but constitutes an ethical system of governance founded on justice, trust, responsibility to the people and shura. In the contemporary world, the values have been used in the fight against corruption, maintenance of good governance and enhancement of moral authority of the state in the backdrop of findings of secularization and crisis of the confidence of the citizens. Islamic politics, thus is not opposite of modern democracy but a morally based foundation of state government which is integrally oriented on human welfare, both on spiritual, social, and political fronts.
Copyright (c) 2026 Abid Nurhuda, Ahmad Hadi Pranoto, Ali Anhar Syi’bul Huda, Inamul Hasan Ansori (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Juridical Analysis of Sustainable Food Agricultural Land Protection Policy in Controlling Land Conversion and Its Impact on the Agribusiness Sector
Agricultural land conversion has become a legal and economic challenge that affects food security and the sustainability of the agribusiness sector. This study aimed to analyze the juridical aspects of Sustainable Food Agricultural Land Protection (LP2B) policy in controlling land conversion and examining its impacts on agribusiness sustainability. This research used a normative juridical method with statutory and conceptual approaches. The study analyzed legal regulations, legal principles, and relevant academic literature related to agricultural land protection. The findings showed that LP2B policy had provided a legal framework through land designation, conversion control mechanisms, incentives, and institutional arrangements. However, the effectiveness of LP2B implementation was still influenced by regulatory synchronization, institutional capacity, and supervision mechanisms. The study also found that agricultural land protection had a significant relationship with agribusiness sustainability because land availability determined production continuity, farmers’ economic stability, and agricultural development. This research emphasized that LP2B should be implemented as an integrated legal instrument connecting agrarian protection, spatial governance, and agricultural economic sustainability.
Copyright (c) 2026 Enda Maharani (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Environmental Law as an Instrument for Accelerating Renewable Energy in Indonesia: A Normative Analysis of Permitting, Ecological Justice, and Energy Transition Governance
This article analyzes the role of environmental law in accelerating the development of renewable energy in Indonesia. The main issue examined is the lack of alignment between environmental protection mandates, energy transition targets, and a permitting framework that still tends to treat renewable energy projects as ordinary administrative matters rather than instruments for reducing ecological risks. The research employs a normative legal methodology with legislative, conceptual, and energy policy data analysis approaches. The findings indicate that environmental law has not yet been sufficiently established as an enabling regulatory framework to accelerate renewable energy in a fair manner. Major obstacles stem from the dominance of fossil fuels in the energy mix, regulatory fragmentation, uncertainty regarding incentives, limited local institutional capacity, and weak mechanisms for meaningful participation. This article emphasizes that accelerating renewable energy requires risk-based permitting reforms, harmonization of climate and energy policies, strengthening of ecological justice, and the design of local benefits so that the energy transition is not only low-emission but also legally and socially legitimate.
Recorded homicide; Ecological criminology; BPS data; Indonesia.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hosea Alfandi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Legal Politics of Indigenous Peoples’ Rights Recognition Following Constitutional Court Decision Number 35/PUU-X/2012 from a Human Rights Perspective
The recognition of indigenous peoples’ rights remains a crucial legal issue in Indonesia despite constitutional guarantees and Constitutional Court Decision Number 35/PUU-X/2012. This study aims to analyze the legal politics of indigenous peoples’ rights recognition following the decision from a human rights perspective. The research employed normative legal research using statutory, conceptual, and case approaches. Legal materials were collected through library research and analyzed qualitatively through legal interpretation and legal reasoning. The findings reveal that Constitutional Court Decision Number 35/PUU-X/2012 strengthened the constitutional position of indigenous peoples by affirming that customary forests are no longer part of state forests. However, the implementation of indigenous rights recognition continues to face challenges, including administrative barriers, regulatory fragmentation, and the absence of comprehensive legislation. From a human rights perspective, these challenges indicate a gap between constitutional recognition and substantive rights protection. Therefore, legal harmonization and institutional reforms are necessary to ensure the effective realization of indigenous peoples’ constitutional and human rights in Indonesia.
Constitutional Court Decision Number 35/PUU-X/2012
Copyright (c) 2026 Frans Tory Damara Pradipta (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence and the Reconfiguration of Civil Liability in Global Supply Chains: A Socio-Legal Study Approach
The adoption of Directive (EU) 2024/1760 on corporate sustainability due diligence has changed the private-law position of transnational business contracts in global supply chains. This article examines how the CSDDD reshapes civil liability by turning sustainability due diligence into a legally relevant standard for assessing corporate conduct before human rights or environmental harm occurs. Using normative legal research, the article analyzes the Directive, the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights, the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises, and recent legal scholarship on mandatory human rights and environmental due diligence. The findings indicate three main points. First, the CSDDD moves corporate civil liability from a predominantly post-harm model toward a preventive model based on knowledge, leverage, risk identification, and reasonable action. Second, transnational business contracts become channels of regulatory transmission. Supplier codes, audit rights, contractual assurances, remediation clauses, reporting duties, and termination provisions carry EU sustainability standards into private relations with suppliers outside the Union. Third, the CSDDD creates a distributive problem inside supply chains. Covered companies may shift compliance costs, audit burdens, and legal risks to suppliers that are not formally subject to the Directive. The article argues that civil liability under the CSDDD should be assessed relationally, by examining knowledge, commercial leverage, contribution to risk, contractual control, and access to remedy. A due diligence regime is legally meaningful only where contracts allocate prevention costs, remediation duties, and evidentiary responsibilities in a fair and workable manner.
Corporate sustainability; Due diligence; civil liability; global supply chains; CSDDD.
Copyright (c) 2026 Fitriani Jamaluddin, Muhammad Ashabul Kahfi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Technology-Facilitated Domestic Violence and Coercive Control: A Normative Legal Study on Victim Protection in Digital Intimate Relations
Technology-facilitated domestic violence raises a doctrinal difficulty that cannot be solved by adding more cybercrime provisions to existing legal systems. The central problem lies in the way law classifies harm. Digital abuse in intimate relationships may appear as fragmented conduct: repeated messages, access to cloud storage, location tracking, control over banking applications, threats to circulate intimate images, or the misuse of smart-home devices. Assessed separately, each act may look minor, technically ambiguous, or difficult to prove. Within an abusive relationship, however, those acts may operate as coercive control. This article uses normative legal research to examine how domestic violence law should recognise technology-facilitated coercive control while avoiding an overbroad criminal category. The analysis relies on primary legal materials, including the Serious Crime Act 2015, the Domestic Abuse Act 2021, the Domestic Abuse (Scotland) Act 2018, the Online Safety Act 2023, the EU Digital Services Act, Australia’s Online Safety Act 2021, and selected coercive-control reforms in New South Wales. It also draws on recent journal literature concerning intimate partner violence, coercive control, image-based sexual abuse, digital evidence, and victim protection. The article argues that digital abuse should be legally treated as domestic violence where the conduct forms part of a pattern of domination, surveillance, intimidation, sexual coercion, economic restriction, or post-separation control. It further argues that digital evidence must be handled through a victim-centred protocol based on necessity, specificity, minimisation, and protected disclosure. A stronger legal model does not need to abandon due process. It needs to read digital facts in their relational setting.
Domestic violence; Coercive control; Technology-facilitated abuse.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sutiawati (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Customary Criminality, Bride Abduction, and the Limits of Living Law: A Comparison of Article 25 of Makassaarsche Chrestomathie in Global Perspective
This article examines Article 25 of Makassaarsche Chrestomathie, particularly the provision commonly associated with the abduction or taking of a woman within the normative setting of Makassarese customary law. The article treats the provision as a crucial point of entry into the older legal imagination of crime, marriage, kinship, and social order. The central difficulty lies in the fact that the offence cannot be read directly through the categories of modern penal law. What appears today as kidnapping, coercion, or forced marriage may have been articulated within a customary legal structure concerned with family authority, compensation, shame, status, and the restoration of disturbed communal relations. Using normative legal method, this article compares the Makassarese provision with global debates on bride kidnapping in Kyrgyzstan and ukuthwala in South Africa. The comparison does not assume equivalence between those legal cultures. Rather, it uses them to test how customary justification, consent, gendered authority, and state criminal law interact when marriage-related abduction is claimed as tradition. The article argues that Article 25 should be read neither as an archaic curiosity nor as an unproblematic form of indigenous justice. It contains a legal grammar that may preserve communal order, yet it also raises a hard question about whether the woman’s will is treated as legally decisive. In contemporary Indonesian criminal law, especially after the recognition of living law in Law No. 1 of 2023, this issue becomes more than historical.
Customary law; Makassaarsche Chrestomathie; Bride abduction; Living law.
Copyright (c) 2026 Abd Kadir Ahmad (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Legal Position of Investigators under Law Number 20 of 2025 on the Indonesian Criminal Procedure Code
This article examines the legal position of investigators under Law Number 20 of 2025 on the Indonesian Criminal Procedure Code. The statute redefines investigation as a structured evidentiary process and places investigators as key actors who determine whether a reported event may proceed to prosecution. Using normative legal research, this study analyzes provisions on investigator classification, evidentiary authority, suspect determination, coercive measures, restorative justice, digital evidence, legal assistance, and pretrial review. The analysis shows that Articles 1, 6, 7, 89, 90, 142, 158, and 163 construct investigators as authoritative but reviewable procedural actors. Their authority covers evidence collection, rights affecting measures, settlement facilitation, and coordination with prosecutors. However, such authority is limited by due process, proportionality, documentation, judicial control, victim protection, and suspect rights. The new KUHAP therefore positions investigators as legal gatekeepers of legality, fairness, and accountability within Indonesian criminal justice.
Investigator; Criminal Procedure Code; Law Number 20 of 2025.
Copyright (c) 2026 Isdar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0