Uji Foreseeability terhadap Tindak Pidana Adat: Rekonstruksi Batas Legalitas Materiel dalam Pembaruan Hukum Pidana Indonesia
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Abstract
Pasal 2 KUHP Nasional mengakui tindak pidana berdasarkan hukum yang hidup dalam masyarakat. Pengakuan tersebut menimbulkan persoalan mengenai kepastian larangan bagi orang yang berada di wilayah berlakunya hukum adat. PP Nomor 55 Tahun 2025 sudah mewajibkan peraturan daerah memuat perbuatan yang dilarang, batas wilayah, dan sanksi adat. Meski demikian, pemenuhan persyaratan itu belum selalu menjamin kejelasan larangan dalam perkara tertentu. Penelitian hukum normatif ini menggunakan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan konseptual untuk menilai pengaturan tindak pidana adat berdasarkan prinsip foreseeability, yaitu kemampuan memperkirakan akibat hukum dari suatu perbuatan. Bahan hukum dikumpulkan melalui studi kepustakaan dan dianalisis secara kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menegaskan perlunya membedakan keabsahan pembentukan peraturan daerah dari kelayakan penerapan larangan terhadap perbuatan tertentu. Larangan yang baru berlaku setelah perbuatan dilakukan tidak dapat dijadikan dasar pemidanaan. Rumusan yang terlalu kabur juga tidak boleh diperluas melalui analogi. Perbaikan diarahkan pada kejelasan unsur perbuatan, kepastian wilayah, dan penentuan kewajiban adat dengan tetap memperhatikan mekanisme penyelesaian yang telah diatur dalam PP Nomor 55 Tahun 2025.
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