Perbandingan Politik Kebijakan Pemerataan Pendidikan di Finlandia dan Korea Selatan: Analisis Tata Kelola dan Kesempatan Belajar
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Pemerataan pendidikan tidak hanya berkaitan dengan akses formal ke sekolah, tetapi juga mencakup distribusi sumber daya, kualitas dan otonomi guru, dukungan belajar inklusif, serta pengurangan beban sosial-ekonomi peserta didik. Penelitian ini telah membandingkan politik kebijakan pendidikan di Finlandia dan Korea Selatan dengan fokus pada tata kelola dan pemerataan kesempatan belajar. Penelitian kualitatif ini mengintegrasikan studi literatur dan dokumentasi berbasis kerangka perbandingan politik. Analisis dilakukan melalui empat indikator empiris, yaitu tata kelola pendidikan, kebijakan guru, pendanaan dan dukungan siswa, serta kesempatan belajar, dengan pendekatan tradisional-kultural, rasional, dan struktural. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa Finlandia menggabungkan arahan nasional dengan desentralisasi luas, pendidikan guru berbasis riset (research-based teacher education), serta sistem dukungan berjenjang yang meminimalkan kesenjangan hasil belajar. Sebaliknya, Korea Selatan menerapkan tata kelola tersentralisasi yang kuat dan investasi publik tinggi, tetapi menghadapi education fever dan dominasi shadow education (hagwon) yang memicu ketimpangan substantif. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa besarnya anggaran dan keunggulan tes standar internasional tidak otomatis mencerminkan pemerataan. Pemerataan sejati ditentukan oleh keadilan distribusi modal publik, kapasitas kelembagaan, serta pengendalian intervensi pasar privat dalam pendidikan.
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