Perlindungan Hukum terhadap Anak Korban Tindak Pidana Pencabulan: Reorientasi Kedudukan Korban sebagai Subjek Hak dalam Pembaruan Peradilan Pidana
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Anak korban pencabulan telah memperoleh berbagai jaminan perlindungan dalam hukum Indonesia, tetapi pengakuan hak belum selalu menjelaskan bagaimana anak dapat menggunakannya dalam proses pidana. Penelitian hukum normatif ini mengkaji hubungan UU Perlindungan Anak, UU Sistem Peradilan Pidana Anak, UU Tindak Pidana Kekerasan Seksual, dan KUHAP 2025 melalui pendekatan perundang-undangan serta konseptual. Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan bahwa perlindungan khusus sudah mempunyai dasar hukum, sedangkan bentuk tanggapan aparat terhadap pandangan anak masih memerlukan penjabaran prosedural. Anak dapat diberi informasi dan pendampingan tanpa memperoleh ruang yang jelas untuk menyatakan keberatan terhadap cara pemeriksaan yang memengaruhi keselamatannya. Penelitian mengajukan konsep agensi prosedural yang dapat dilaksanakan melalui komunikasi sesuai usia, kesempatan menyampaikan kebutuhan, pencatatan alasan keputusan, dan akses pada mekanisme pengaduan yang tersedia. Usulan tersebut merupakan konstruksi preskriptif, bukan klaim bahwa seluruh kewajiban telah diatur secara rinci atau tidak dilaksanakan oleh aparat. Hak anak perlu dijalankan tanpa menggeser kewenangan penuntutan negara dan jaminan peradilan yang adil bagi terdakwa.
Article Details
Section
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
Abdul Latiff, M., Fang, L., Goh, D. A., & Tan, L. J. (2024). A systematic review of factors associated with disclosure of child sexual abuse. Child Abuse & Neglect, 147, 106564. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106564
Acquaviva, B. L., & Gullion, C. L. (2025). A qualitative analysis of victims’ perceptions of procedural justice for sexual victimization. Violence Against Women, 31(14), 3632–3656. https://doi.org/10.1177/10778012241283493
Ahern, E., Kowalski, M., & Lamb, M. E. (2018). A case study perspective. The experiences of young persons testifying to child sexual exploitation in British criminal court. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 27(3), 321–334. https://doi.org/10.1080/10538712.2017.1393479
Ayu, H., & Suciyani, S. (2026). Perlindungan hukum terhadap korban pencabulan. Analisis normatif dalam sistem hukum Indonesia dan hukum pidana Islam. Jurnal Keilmuan dan Keislaman, 5(1), 213–227. https://doi.org/10.23917/jkk.v5i1.964
Azzopardi, C., Eirich, R., Rash, C. L., MacDonald, S., & Madigan, S. (2019). A meta-analysis of the prevalence of child sexual abuse disclosure in forensic settings. Child Abuse & Neglect, 93, 291–304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.11.020
Denault, V. (2024). The use of demeanour to assess the credibility of child victims in sexual interference trials. Child Abuse Review, 33(3), e2885. https://doi.org/10.1002/car.2885
Fernandes, D., Gomes, J. P., Albuquerque, P. B., & Matos, M. (2024). Forensic interview techniques in child sexual abuse cases. A scoping review. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 25(2), 1382–1396. https://doi.org/10.1177/15248380231177317
Fernandes, D., Gomes, J. P., Albuquerque, P. B., & Matos, M. (2026). Characterizing child sexual abuse and child victims’ participation in the Portuguese criminal justice system. Child Abuse & Neglect, 179, 108220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2026.108220
Fernández-Molina, E., Bermejo, M., & Baz, O. (2021). Observing juvenile courtrooms. Testing the implementation of guidelines on child-friendly justice in Spain. Youth Justice, 21(2), 192–209. https://doi.org/10.1177/1473225420918027
Field, N., & Katz, C. (2023). The experiences and perceptions of sexually abused children as participants in the legal process. Key conclusions from a scoping literature review. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 24(4), 2758–2771. https://doi.org/10.1177/15248380221111463
Frenette, N., Elenko, J., Koshan, J., Parker, N. J., & Dimitropoulos, G. (2025). Trauma-informed justice in child abuse cases. A literature review. Juvenile and Family Court Journal, 76(4), 66–89. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfcj.70019
Hohl, K., Jackson, J., & Bradford, B. (2025). Relational in/justice journeys. Revising procedural justice theory through an analysis of rape and sexual assault victims’ experiences of police investigations. The British Journal of Criminology, 65(5), 1141–1161. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azaf004
Hohl, K., Johnson, K., & Molisso, S. (2022). A procedural justice theory approach to police engagement with victim-survivors of rape and sexual assault. Initial findings of the Project Bluestone pilot study. International Criminology, 2, 253–261. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43576-022-00056-z
Holder, R. L., & Englezos, E. (2024). Victim participation in criminal justice. A quantitative systematic and critical literature review. International Review of Victimology, 30(1), 25–49. https://doi.org/10.1177/02697580231151207
Iksan, M., Dimyati, K., Supanto, F., Surbakti, N., Absori, A., Nugroho, S. S., & Wahyuningsih, S. E. (2022). Legal policy fulfillment of child rape victims’ mental health rights. Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences, 10(E), 126–129. https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2022.8144
Indonesia. (1990). Keputusan Presiden Nomor 36 Tahun 1990 tentang Pengesahan Convention on the Rights of the Child.
Indonesia. (2012). Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2012 tentang Sistem Peradilan Pidana Anak.
Indonesia. (2014). Undang-Undang Nomor 35 Tahun 2014 tentang Perubahan atas Undang-Undang Nomor 23 Tahun 2002 tentang Perlindungan Anak.
Indonesia. (2016). Undang-Undang Nomor 17 Tahun 2016 tentang Penetapan Perppu Nomor 1 Tahun 2016 menjadi Undang-Undang.
Indonesia. (2022). Undang-Undang Nomor 12 Tahun 2022 tentang Tindak Pidana Kekerasan Seksual.
Indonesia. (2023). Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana.
Indonesia. (2025a). Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 29 Tahun 2025 tentang Dana Bantuan Korban Tindak Pidana Kekerasan Seksual.
Indonesia. (2025b). Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 30 Tahun 2025 tentang Pencegahan Tindak Pidana Kekerasan Seksual serta Penanganan, Pelindungan, dan Pemulihan Korban Tindak Pidana Kekerasan Seksual.
Indonesia. (2025c). Undang-Undang Nomor 20 Tahun 2025 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Acara Pidana.
Johnson, K. (2025). Re-imagining procedural justice in policing sexual violence. Centring survivors. The British Journal of Criminology, 65(3), 639–657. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azae060
Kettrey, H. H., & Reynolds, N. S. (2026). Is restorative justice appropriate for sexual assault and domestic violence? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the empirical vacuum. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 22, 229–247. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11292-024-09651-8
Linder, C., Caradonna, C. Y., Hodges, Q., & Moore, A. (2025). Using epistemic injustice to examine scholarship about sexual violence among students with minoritized identities. Violence Against Women, 31(8), 1954–1975. https://doi.org/10.1177/10778012241247191
Manay, N., & Collin-Vézina, D. (2021). Recipients of children’s and adolescents’ disclosures of childhood sexual abuse. A systematic review. Child Abuse & Neglect, 116, 104192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104192
McGinn, T., Chereni, A., & McGinnis, E. (2026). A systematic review of the perceived barriers to and facilitators of technology assisted child sexual abuse disclosure. Child Abuse & Neglect, 172, 107869. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2025.107869
McPherson, L., Gatwiri, K., Graham, A., Rotumah, D., Hand, K., Modderman, C., Chubb, J., & James, S. (2025). What helps children and young people to disclose their experience of sexual abuse and what gets in the way? A systematic scoping review. Child & Youth Care Forum, 54, 515–544. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10566-024-09825-5
Morrison, S. E., Bruce, C., & Wilson, S. (2018). Children’s disclosure of sexual abuse. A systematic review of qualitative research exploring barriers and facilitators. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 27(2), 176–194. https://doi.org/10.1080/10538712.2018.1425943
Piamenta, J., & Gal, T. (2025). They told me I was not a party in this case. Children’s and young people’s experiences of participation and exclusion in the criminal justice process following their sexual maltreatment. Child Abuse & Neglect, 162, 107078. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2024.107078
Piamenta, J., & Gal, T. (2026). It’s my story and no one cares about me. Subjective experiences of youth sexual assault victims in the criminal justice process. Children and Youth Services Review, 180, 108642. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2025.108642
Ramaswamy, S., Devgun, M., Seshadri, S., & Bunders-Aelen, J. (2023). When an elephant has its foot on the tail of a mouse. Trauma-focused court preparation interventions for sexually abused child witnesses. Journal of Indian Association for Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 19(3), 273–288. https://doi.org/10.1177/09731342231221357
Stanek, K. A., Fox, K. A., Telep, C. W., & Trinkner, R. (2023). Who can you trust? The impact of procedural justice, trust, and police officer sex on women’s sexual assault victimization reporting likelihood. Violence Against Women, 29(5), 860–881. https://doi.org/10.1177/10778012221097139
Susilowati, N., Aprilianda, N., & Sulistio, F. (2022). Concept of restorative justice in criminal acts of sexual violence with child perpetrator and victims. Varia Justicia, 18(2), 114–126. https://doi.org/10.31603/variajusticia.v18i2.7847
Teti, P., Somawijaya, S., & Atmaja, B. A. (2026). Restorative justice in cases of child sexual abuse by children. Between child protection and the enforcement of justice. JUSTISI, 12(1), 329–344. https://doi.org/10.33506/js.v12i1.4983
Utari, I. S., Kamal, U., Ramada, D. P., Sumardiana, B., & Nunna, B. P. (2026). Legal protection for child sexual violence victims. Victimology perspectives, challenges, and policy solutions in Asia. Jurnal Suara Hukum, 8(1), 40–77. https://doi.org/10.26740/jsh.v8n1.p40-77
Van Camp, T. (2017). Understanding victim participation in restorative practices. Looking for justice for oneself as well as for others. European Journal of Criminology, 14(6), 679–696. https://doi.org/10.1177/1477370816682981
Webster, W. S., & Oxburgh, G. E. (2022). Victims of sexual offences. Aspects impacting on participation, cooperation and engagement with the interview process. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 29(5), 679–697. https://doi.org/10.1080/13218719.2021.1956387
Zakaria, C. A. F., Mahmud, A., & Mulyana, A. (2023). Legal protection for child victims of sexual assault in a restorative justice perspective. Jurnal Penelitian Hukum De Jure, 23, 59–70. https://doi.org/10.30641/dejure.2023.V23.59-70